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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Smoking in India ： ウィキペディア英語版 Smoking in India Smoking in India has been known since at least 2000 BC when cannabis was smoked and is first mentioned in the ''Atharvaveda'', which dates back a few hundred years BC. Fumigation (''dhupa'') and fire offerings (''homa'') are prescribed in the Ayurveda for medical purposes and have been practiced for at least 3,000 years while smoking, ''dhumapana'' (literally "drinking smoke"), has been practiced for at least 2,000 years. Tobacco was introduced to India in the 17th century. It later merged with existing practices of smoking (mostly of cannabis). Smoking in public places was prohibited nationwide from 2 October 2008. There are approximately 120 million smokers in India. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), India is home to 12% of the world’s smokers. Approximately 900,000 people die every year in India due to smoking as of 2009.〔http://environment.about.com/od/healthenvironment/a/smoking_deaths.htm〕 ==History== Cannabis smoking in India has been known since at least 2000 BC〔''Marihuana and medicine'', p. 3.〕 and is first mentioned in the ''Atharvaveda'', which dates back a few hundred years BC. Fumigation (''dhupa'') and fire offerings (''homa'') are prescribed in the Ayurveda for medical purposes and have been practiced for at least 3,000 years while smoking, ''dhumapana'' (literally "drinking smoke"), has been practiced for at least 2,000 years. Fumigation and fire offerings have been performed with various substances, including clarified butter (ghee), fish offal, dried snakeskins, and various pastes molded around incense sticks and lit to spread the smoke over wide areas. The practice of inhaling smoke was employed as a remedy for many different ailments was not limited to just cannabis, but also various plants and medicinal concoctions recommended to promote general health. Before modern times, smoking was done with pipes with stems of various lengths, or chillums. Today ''dhumapana'' has been replaced almost entirely by cigarette smoking, but both ''dhupa'' and ''homa'' are still practiced. Beedi, a type of handrolled herbal cigarette consisting of cloves, ground betel nut, and tobacco, usually with rather low proportion of tobacco, are a modern descendant of the historical ''dhumapana''.〔P. Ram Manohar, "Smoking and Ayurvedic Medicine in India" in ''Smoke'', pp. 68–75〕 Tobacco was introduced to India in the 17th century. It later merged with existing practices of smoking (mostly of cannabis). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Smoking in India」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.